ORO Emergency Driving Theory TEST ONLY

While driving a four wheel drive at low speed through sand or mud and not while on an incline, what technique can increase traction and prevent rutting?

Repeatedly moving the steering wheel left and right
Increase acceleration
Partially apply handbrake and move to higher gear
None of these techniques are helpful

Some modern four wheel drives may have controls like those in the photo. These controls operate the feature known as?

Crawl Control
Hill Descent Control
Electronic Stability Control
Automatic Wheel Clearance

Some modern four wheel drives may have controls like those in the photo. These controls operate the feature known as?

Descent Control
Crawl Control
Automatic Wheel Clearance System
Parking Assist

Which option best describes the driving technique for a steep down hill decent?

Select neutral gear and allow the vehicle to free wheel down the hill keeping both feet off the pedals.
Select neutral gear and allow the vehicle to free wheel down the hill using the brakes to control the required decent speed.
Select a high range gear, start the decent leaving both feet off the pedals allowing the vehicles engine braking to control the decent speed.
Select a low range gear, start the decent leaving both feet off the pedals allowing the vehicles engine braking to control the decent speed.

What best describes the operation of a vehicle recovery snatch strap (Kinetic rope)?

A static strap with no stretch to allow all the tow force to be transferred to the stuck vehicle by pre tensioning the strap before accelerating and pulling free the stuck vehicle.
A dynamic strap that has the ability to stretch when loaded and builds up kinetic energy to free a stuck vehicle. The towed vehicle allows some slack before driving off, and increases the slack each time until the stuck vehicle is freed.
A dynamic strap that has the ability to stretch when loaded to protect both vehicles from sudden tow load shock. The towed vehicle allows no slack before accelerating off with full throttle until the stuck vehicle is freed.
A dynamic strap that has no ability to stretch when loaded and builds up no kinetic energy. The towed vehicle allows some slack before driving off, and increases the slack each time until the stuck vehicle is freed.

What should be considered when turning off a vehicle fitted with a turbo after 4 wheel driving?

Allow the engine to idle a short time to allow the turbo to run down and cool down before turning off the engine.
No different to a vehicle not fitted without a turbo.
Rev the engine to 3000 rpm for five seconds then turning off the engine.
Allow the engine to idle for a minimum of 15 minutes to allow the turbo to run down and cool down before turning off the engine.

As you are driving your vehicle in 4WD mode up a steep hill that has poor traction, your vehicle (with manual transmission) starts to slide backwards but the engine has not stalled. What best describes dynamic hill stall recovery procedure to be applied in this situation?

As the vehicle stalls, apply foot brake and depress clutch. Turn off key, select reverse gear and slowly release clutch and footbrake to load drive train. Keep both feet off pedals, position yourself for reversing and turn Ignition to crank the engine for a controlled descend.
As the vehicle stalls, apply foot brake and depress clutch. Turn off key, select reverse gear. Start the engine and slowly release clutch and footbrake to start your decent. Keep both feet off pedals, and controlled your descend.
As the vehicle stalls, apply foot brake and depress clutch. Turn off key, select third gear and slowly release clutch and footbrake to load drive train. Keep both feet off pedals; turn the Ignition to crank the engine for a controlled ascend.
As the vehicle ascent stalls gear change into reverse. Depress the clutch and quickly selecting reverse gear. You have no choice but to begin the descent immediately. Use engine-braking to control your descent.

What effect on vehicle handling does a under inflated tyre have on a sealed road?

Has no effect on vehicle handling.
Will cause the vehicle to have poor handling with possible loss of control, and keep the tyre cool.
Will cause the vehicle to have poor handling with possible loss of control, and cause the tyre to over heat.
Helps reduce tyre wear.

How does ‘centre of gravity’ affect the vehicles stability?

Centre of gravity has no effect on vehicle stability.
High centre of gravity makes a vehicle more stable.
High centre of gravity makes a vehicle more unstable.
Centre of gravity will not change from vehicle manufacture date, the vehicle will remain stable.

Why it is important to correctly load a 4WD vehicle?

4WD vehicles are not affected by any load on board.
The vehicles centre of gravity will alter if the load is too high or poorly positioned causing the vehicle to become unstable.
So the 4WD vehicle can be as unstable as possible on all terrain
So you can maximise the load carrying capability in the vehicle.

In most cases, what controls associated with the 4WD drive train are found inside a vehicle fitted with an automatic transmission?

Four driver control pedals on the floor.
No different to any other non 4WD vehicle.
A 4WD button selection on the end of the automatic transmission gear lever.
Lever or dash button for 4WD selection

List the vehicle checks that must be completed after driving through water to ensure the vehicle is ready for on-road use?

General visual check of vehicle.
Ensure brakes are dry, and have a general visual check of the vehicle and tyres.
Carry on driving as everything will dry while driving.
Dry engine after entering water.

Which option best describes using a manual transmission driving techniques, for driving through water?

Use a high gear with 4WD selected, maintain a constant speed in the water to create and maintain bow wave. Never depress the clutch or change gear in the water.
Use a low gear with 4WD selected, maintain a constant speed in the water to create and maintain bow wave. Depress the clutch to control your speed or to change gear in the water.
Use a low gear with 4WD selected, vary the speed in the water depending the depth of water. Never depress the clutch or change gear in the water.
Use a low gear with 4WD selected, maintain a constant speed in the water to create and maintain bow wave. Never depress the clutch or change gear in the water.

When determining the depth of water and the ability for a 4WD vehicle to cross,

what factors must be taken into consideration?

Water current flow, entry and exits, what lies below the water? Where the air intake is positioned on the vehicle, vehicles ground clearance. Don’t drive in water deeper than the height of the lower part of the wheel rim.
Water current flow, entry and exits, what lies below the water? Where the air intake is positioned on the vehicle, vehicles ground clearance. Don’t drive in water deeper than the height of the wheels.
Water current flow, entry and exits, what lies below the water? Where the air intake is positioned on the vehicle, vehicles ground clearance. Don’t drive in water deeper than the height of the Windscreen.
All 4WD can drive through any water ways providing the vehicle has 4WD selected.

What best describes hill stall recovery procedure in a manual transmission?

As the vehicle ascent stalls, apply foot brake depress clutch. Turn off key, select reverse gear. Start the engine and slowly release clutch and footbrake to start your decent. Keep both feet off pedals, and controlled your descend.
As the vehicle ascent stalls, apply foot brake depress clutch. Turn off key, select reverse gear and slowly release clutch and footbrake to load drive train. Keep both feet off pedals, position yourself for reversing and turn Ignition to crank the engine for a controlled descend.
As the vehicle ascent stalls, apply foot brake depress clutch. Turn off key, select first gear and slowly release clutch and footbrake to load drive train. Keep both feet off pedals, turn the Ignition to crank the engine for a controlled ascend.
As the vehicle ascent stalls, apply foot brake depress clutch. Keep the engine running, select reverse gear and slowly release clutch and using your foot brake to slow you down on the decent for a slow controlled descend.

What best describes break-over (ramp) angle is?

This is the angle from the bottom of the front tyre to the most forward lowest part of the vehicle.
This is the angle from the centre of vehicle to the bottom of the front and rear tyres, this will very due to vehicle wheel base. Vehicle centre ground v wheel base length.
This is the angle from the bottom of the rear tyre to the most rear lowest part of the vehicle.
This angle relates to the type of driveway ramp and angle you are about to drive on.

What best describes departure angle is?

This is the angle from the bottom of the front tyre to the most forward lowest part of the vehicle.
This is the angle from the centre of vehicle to the bottom of the front and rear tyres, this will vary due to vehicle wheel base.
This is related to the side of the vehicle you are about to exit.
This is the angle from the bottom of the rear tyre to the most rear lowest part of the vehicle

What best describes entry (approach) angle?

This is the angle from the bottom of the front tyre to the most forward lowest part of the vehicle.
This is the angle from the bottom of the rear tyre to the most rear lowest part of the vehicle.
This is the angle from the centre of vehicle to the bottom of the front and rear tyres, this will vary due to vehicle wheel base.
This is related to the side of the vehicle you are about to enter.

What best describes the effects on ground clearance when the 4WD vehicle is fitted with Independent suspension?

This is a one piece axle on leaf or coil springs, it has a fixed ground clearance and very durable with excellent articulation.
This is a one piece axle on leaf or coil springs, it has a changing ground clearance and a very durable with poor articulation.
Independent suspension on a 4WD allows the vehicle to continue to drive when the suspension has been broken on one side.
There is an ever changing ground clearance which can limit the vehicle when off roading. Load in the vehicle and uneven ground can cause the vehicle to bottom out on rough terrain

What best describes live axle suspension and its benefits?

This is a one piece axle on leaf or coil springs, it has a changing ground clearance and a very durable with poor articulation.
There is an ever changing ground clearance which can limit the vehicle when off roading. Load in the vehicle and uneven ground can cause the vehicle to bottom out on rough terrain.
This is a one piece axle on leaf or coil springs, it has a fixed ground clearance and very durable with excellent articulation.
A live axle is one that is not dead, that is functioning with no fault.

What best describes the function of free wheeling hubs?

Free wheeling hubs disengage the wheels from the front axle. This allows for a better fuel economy, reduces wear and tear on the vehicle and also reduces drive noise.
Free wheeling hubs engage the wheels to the front axle. This allows for a better fuel economy, reduces wear and tear on the vehicle and also reduces drive noise.
Free wheeling hubs serve no purpose in a 4WD vehicle
Free wheeling hubs change a rear wheel drive to a front wheel drive vehicle.

What controls, associated with the 4WD drive train are found inside a manual 4WD vehicle?

No different to any other non 4WD vehicle.
Long gear lever to select 4WD equal to the gear change lever.
Short gear lever for, high/low and in some cases changing from 2WD to 4WD is a dash button selection.
Four driver control foot pedals on the floor.

As a general guide, to ensure you drive with sufficient following distance behind other vehicles you should use:

The "two second" rule
The 10-2 o'clock position.
The half "limit point" method
The calculation of speed divided by four, times by risk factor.

When driving at night time, what statements are examples of good practice?

Keep your speed down when exiting a brightly lit environment to allow eyes to adjust.
The use of yellow tape over interior vehicle lights or headlamps is recommended to prevent loss of night vision.
Drive with red tinted emergency response driving glasses (certified to CE standards)
Ensure any visual display units including mobile data terminals or satellite navigation systems are turned to their brightest setting to force ocular adjustment.

In most cases, the deployment of SRS airbags in a vehicle is reliant on a number of sensors. What statement is correct in relation to vehicle airbags?

Airbags may not always deploy in a collision depending on the variables of the impact.
Airbags also deploy when water is detected in the event of sudden water immersion.
Providing the vehicle remains stationery following a collision, the airbags are prevented from activation.
Airbags remain inflated for at least 5 minutes after they are activated.

What is the suitable action to deal with seat-belt discomfort caused by PPE (Personal Protective Equipment which could include vests, helmets, gloves, appointments etc)?

Don’t wear a seat-belt.
Make adjustments to the seat-belt position prior to driving.
Leave position of seat-belt as when first locked in.
For 2 point retractable seat-belts, move the diagonal strap behind yourself to leave only the waist strap – which provides more freedom of movement.

With vehicles fitted with Traction Control, if this system is activated to control excess individual wheel spin when pulling away from being stationary (stopped), you should:

Increase pressure on the accelerator to gain traction.
Brake hard and apply continual pressure to activate ABS
Reduce pressure on the accelerator to gain traction
Apply the handbrake to stabilize the vehicle's movement.

Activating ABS requires the driver to depress the brake as far as possible and keep it there, this will allow the driver to:

Come to a stop before colliding with a hazard.
Steer through or past a hazard.
Avoid leaving the road.
Unlock their safety belts in preparation for an early vehicle exit.

What statement reflects best practice in holding/operating a steering wheel for emergency response driving?

Hold the steering wheel with palms on the rim; thumbs not wrapped around the wheel; use pull-push method to turn.
Using the pull-push method allow the arms and hands to cross each other when operating at high speed.
Ensure the one-hand pivot method is practiced at low speeds before applying at higher speeds so radios and warning devices can be operated.
Stabilising the steering wheel with your knee is advanced but safe technique is mastered under supervision prior to use when driving urgently.

When entering (not before or after) a corner the speed of the vehicle should be:

Accelerating
Decelerating
At neutral speed
In neutral gear

What driving inputs can contribute to loss of control of a vehicle?

Harsh steering
Harsh braking
Harsh acceleration
All of these

What is vehicle dynamics?

Forces placed on a vehicle through speed and direction.
The amount of tire contact on the road.
The high centre of gravity in a vehicle.
The maximum velocity not to be exceeded for the vehicle.

Processing information is critical during emergency response driving/riding. Drivers/riders should constantly apply what acronym used in the system of car/motorcycle control?

TUG – Take, Use, Give Information.
SMUG – Store, Take, Use, Give Information.
STOP – Stop, Think, Options, Plan.
SMART – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely.

Using the system of car or motorcycle control, what are the four phases used in conjunction with processing information?

Position, Speed, Gear, Acceleration.
Take, Use, Give.
Preparation, Entry, Transitional, Exit.
Phase 1, 2, 3, 4.

What term is commonly referred to, during emergency response driving where the driver is focusing on some specific goal and not their driving, and they have become physiologically and emotionally distracted.

Red mist
Blue mist
Tunnel vision
Red haze

What human factors can negatively affect emergency driver performance?

Fatigue
Alcohol consumption
Stress
All of these

What are the human factor risks for emergency drivers?

Distractions
Stress
Time pressures
Risk taking
All of these

When cornering, the best method is to:

Change gear, brake, move wide then accelerate out after the apex.
Brake, move wide, change gear then accelerate out after the apex.
Move wide, brake, change gear then accelerate out after the apex.
None of the above.

When exiting a corner the best point to accelerate is:

At or after the apex.
Before the apex.
4 meters (14 feet) after the apex.
Before and after the apex.

The ‘limit point’ when driving is best described as:

The fastest speed that you believe your car will go.
The furthermost area of road driving surface that you can see ahead.
The furthermost point that you can see the road behind you.
The highest revolutions that your vehicle engine can go (i.e. RPM).

When recognising that you are getting tired when driving, the best course of action is to:

Pull over and take a rest.
Supplement food with high caffeine drinks.
Turn the heater on in the car (or for riders, place heating pad inside jacket)
Increase your speed to get to your destination faster.

What statement is FALSE in regards to water as a hazard when driving?

After exiting water such as a creek or ford, it is good practice to pump/test the brakes to ensure they are dry and responsive.
Correctly installed snorkels allow vehicles to exceed their maximum wading depth safely.
Most vehicles will sink within 1-2 minutes after entering deep water.
Driving through flood water should be avoided as it is difficult to ascertain underwater hazards.

When driving on soft surfaces such as sand:

Don’t make sharp turns as the front tyres could dig in and cause the vehicle to roll.
Increase vehicle speed to help from sinking into the sand.
Utilize the handbrake for tighter turns and activate hazard lights to maximise safety
Undo your seatbelt so you can quickly escape the vehicle if required.

When driving through deep snow:

Shift into a lower gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the vehicle moving.
Accelerate heavily into the snow.
Come to a complete stop prior to entering the snow and then accelerate slowly.
Shift into a higher gear before entering the snow and attempt to keep the vehicle moving.

Where there is an area of loose metal, sand or mud on a corner a skid can quickly occur.

These situations should be corrected in the following manner:

Do not brake. Gently lift your foot off the accelerator (or reduce throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Gently apply the accelerator (throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Brake. Gently apply the accelerator (throttle). Gradually steer back onto the sealed road surface.
Gently apply the accelerator (throttle), but sharply steer back onto the sealed road surface before loosing traction.

Every driver should aim to drive and control the vehicle in such a way that skidding never occurs, this is not always possible when roads are covered with snow or ice. If such conditions exist, the driver should:

Reduce speed accordingly and be alert for any hazard.
Accelerate and maintain wheel rotation to allow for better steering response.
Maintain a neutral speed.
Preemptively commence manual cadence braking.

What is the correct statement in relation to escaping a vehicle that is sinking in deep water?

Undo your seat-belt, open or break the window, and exit via the window immediately.
Keep calm and use your mobile phone to call your local emergency service (i.e. 911, 000, 111 etc).
Hold your breath and let the water fill up and once the pressure has equalised, open the door and escape.
Remove jeans or boots, move to the rear seat and wait for the water to fill the cabin up before exiting.

Incident Command Systems (ICS) typically include the following functional areas:

Transport, food, water, and clothing
Vertical rescue, swiftwater rescue, confined space, and urban search and rescue
Multi-band radio networks, terrestrial and satellite telephone networks, internet LAN/WAN based communications
Operations, planning, logistics, control/command.

What best describes where you would use “Low Ratio 4WD”?

All the time you are driving a 4WD off a sealed road
Anytime you require maximum traction on all four wheels (e.g. hills, step descends, rough terrain, water crossings)
Over soft sand
On a sealed road (e.g. highways, motorways, hills)