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What type of construction method is this type of building?

Light Timber Frame

Un-Reinforced Masonry

Reinforced Concrete and Steel

Concrete Tilt Up/Slab

What type of construction method is this type of building?

Un-Reinforced Masonry

Concrete Tilt Up/Slab

Reinforced Masonry

Light timber frame

What type of construction method is this type of building?

Reinforced Concrete

Light timber/bamboo frame

Un-reinforced masonry

Concrete tilt up

What type of construction method is this type of building?

Reinforced Concrete and Steel

Concrete Tilt Up

Un-Reinforced Masonry

Light timber frame

Using the INSARAG methodology, what letter (A-D) identifies “Quadrant D” of this structure?

A

B

C

D

Using the INSARAG methodology, what letter (A-D) identifies the 1st floor?

A

B

C

D

Using the INSARAG methodology, what letter (A-D) identifies “Side 3” of this structure?

A

B

C

D

What is the name of the illustrated collapse pattern?

90 degree angle wall collapse

Pancake collapse

Lean to floor collapse

Curtain wall collapse

What is the name of the illustrated collapse pattern?

Inwards/Outwards collapse

Angle wall collapse

Curtain wall collapse

Z collapse

What is the name of the illustrated collapse pattern?

Curtain fall collapse

V collapse

Curtain wall collapse

Inward/Outward collapse

The local authorities are responsible for providing protocols for the management of the deceased (humans). However, in general terms what situation does not justify moving a deceased body?

To gain access to alive victims

Where there is an imminent risk of destruction of the body (i.e. fire)

To remove the stench (foul smell) from the work area

When directed by the authority responsible for mass fatality body recovery

The process for the search, location, identification and reconciliation of deceased humans and/or body parts at mass fatality incidents is generally managed through a law enforcement protocol established under INTERPOL known as?

Disaster Victim Identification (DVI)

Team, Group, Body Number/Part (TGB)

International Mass Fatality Protocol (IMFP)

Disaster Recovery System (DRS)

According to INSARAG, what does the abbreviation UCC refer to?

USAR Coordination Cell

USAR Coordination Center

Unified Command Center

Universal Coordination Cell

Using the supplied worksite triage flow chart below, assign the correct triage category for the given USAR scenario:

Scenario:

A collapsed school building that people believe six children and a teacher are inside when it collapsed, though there has been no reports of noises or calls for help.

The correct triage category for this scenario is?

A

B

C

D

N/A

Using the supplied worksite triage flow chart below, assign the correct triage category for the given USAR scenario:

Scenario:

Building damaged with large void spaces but no persons reported missing inside

The correct triage category for this scenario is?

A

B

C

D

N/A

What are correct initial actions at a USAR incident?

Size up scene, implement incident command system, set up communications quickly, send situation report to base/dispatch

Use REPEAT model, activate Disaster Victim Identification, Ensure sufficient stocks of body bags are available

Activate UNDAC system, update Virtual OSOCC, declare state of emergency, issue media statement.

Constantly gather information, issues whistles to all those on site, secure supply of spray paint in international orange colour

list that best describes the advantages of technical search camera systems.

Allows quicker location and communication with the casualty, allows access into small access points to search voids, may be used by one operator, is intrinsically safe and does not conduct electricity

Allows a collapsed structure to be searched from a distance, can detect an unlimited distance, immediate detection, may be used without prior instruction and needs little practice

Allows quicker location and communication with the casualty, allows access into small access points to search voids, may be used by one operator and the camera ordinarily has lighting and an articulated camera

Are available from the UN Humanitarian Warehouse system at the request of GDACS and can be delivered within 24 hours from one of the regional hubs

When cribbing during USAR operations, what statement is generally correct?

Cribbing should not be higher than three times the base width

Hard woods should always be used as they are stronger

Cribbing should not be more than a 1 metre high

Always ensure you stack the cribbing blocks two or more in the same direction or use the pyramid methods if the base is unstable

Using the following variables:

Reinforced concrete = 2500kg/m3
Masonry = 2000kg/m3
Wood = 680kg/m3
Steel = 8200kg/m3
Earth/Soil/Sand = 1700kg/m3
Water = 1000kg/m3

Calculate the approximate weight of a 1m3 (1 cubic metre) pile of debris containing:

25% wood
50% masonry
25% earth/soil

1595kg

2500kg

4380kg

1095kg

Using the following variables:

Reinforced concrete = 2500kg/m3
Masonry = 2000kg/m3
Wood = 680kg/m3
Steel = 8200kg/m3
Earth/Soil/Sand = 1700kg/m3
Water = 1000kg/m3

Calculate the approximate weight of a 15m3 (15 cubic metre) pile of debris containing:

10% wood
40% masonry
30% earth/soil
20% reinforced concrete

39010kg

26655kg

1878kg

28170kg

Describe the difference between a clean breach and a dirty breach:

The choice of clean or dirty breach is determined by the outcomes of the risk assessment and the location and condition of the casualty. A dirty breach takes less time, is more aggressive and produces more flying debris. A clean breach is more controlled and used where a casualty is, or may be on the other side of the breach

The choice of clean or dirty breach is determined by the outcomes of the risk assessment and the location and condition of the casualty. A dirty breach takes more time, is less aggressive and produces less flying debris

The choice of clean or dirty breach is determined by the nature of the materials that are being breached through. A dirty breach is for masonry surfaces that have a greater depth than for a clean breach

The choice of clean or dirty breach is determined by the outcomes of the risk assessment and the location and condition of the casualty. A dirty breach takes less time, is more aggressive and produces more flying debris. A dirty breach is more controlled and used where a casualty is confirmed to be on the other side of the beach

While deployed overseas to a major disaster, you have to pass a number of militia and government military check points at night time. You should:

Approach slowly and put in message of approaching checkpoint back to base, dip headlights, turn off radio, turn interior light on, ensure hands are visible to and follow the instructions of check point staff.

Approach slowly, but flash headlights three times, and sound horn three times and come to a halt with your hand pointing to the UN flag affixed to your vehicle, as per INSARAG SOP 334-2019.

Approach slowly, keep radio on and volume up, keep one hand on radio and the other on steering wheel, turn on hazard lights or beacons.

Ensure vehicle is clearly marked UN, activate siren and beacon, approach with speed and purpose, do not stop and negotiate the blockade.

When deployed into a foreign country for technical rescue operations, what is the correct range of security actions?

Always obtain a security briefing, ensure a security plan is in place, contact UNDSS if established for advice.

Carry a discrete weapon such as a knife, ensure all members have completed a self-defence course, place the red cross flag on your vehicle

Hire local security who are licensed to carry firearms, ensure a UNDSS permit to carry is issued to your team, always obtain a safety briefing and carry out a practice drill.

Ensure the United Nations flag is placed on all your vehicles, ballistic UN Blue Helmets must always be worn, ensure UNDSS permit to use force has been issued.

What statement is correct in regard to search dogs used for structural collapse incidents?

USAR search dogs are generally trained to find live scent caused by shedding of human skin cells. Cadaver (Human Remain Detection) dogs are generally trained to find the chemicals created from the process of decomposition.

Alpine avalanche dogs without additional training are generally as effective as search dogs trained specifically used for USAR operations.

USAR search dogs are slower to clear a rubble pile than a line and hail search, but are more accurate and require less rescuers.

USAR search dogs do not require as much rest than human rescuers and can often work continuously for periods up to 48 hours if kept hydrated and nasal saline flushes are performed.

When using acoustic listening devices (like below), what statement is correct?

Structure borne sound travels further in concrete than dry sand, and victims knocking with a rock to signal help travels further in structures than knocking with their fist.

Structure borne sound travels further in dry sand than steel structures, and victims knocking with a rock to signal help travels further in structures than knocking with their fist.

Structure borne sound travels less in compact soil than steel structures, and victims knocking with their fist to signal help is the most effective to be heard.

Silence for rescue should be given prior to using acoustic search systems within 10 metres of the search area. Machinery and workers outside this zone should continue to operate providing they are wearing hearing protection.

Which are all correct examples of electronic search options for USAR operations?

Ground penetrating radar, acoustic listening device, pole based search camera, infra-red camera

Laser level, gas detector, intrinsically safe radios, drone, wifi hot spot device

Disaster search dog, DELSAR, gas detector, pole based search camera, infra-red camera

None of these

What are the general rules of shoring?

Always construct the shore at the shore location as more accuracy can be gained, the shore should apply some force to resist any additional loading, where a shore is supporting a ceiling or floor with joists, the header / footer should in line with them to offer maximum strength, only fix shores to floors and ceilings

Construct the shore at a safe distance from the building, the shore should only support the load and not apply any force, where a shore is supporting a ceiling or floor with joists, the header / footer should run across them and not in line, it is best practice to fix shores once in place

Construct the shore at a safe distance from the building, the shore should only support the load and not apply any force, where a shore is supporting a ceiling or floor with joists, the header / footer should in line with them to offer maximum strength, only fix raker shores to the wall

Always construct the shore at the shore location as more accuracy can be gained, the shore should apply some force to push the structure inward between 1 and 5 degrees from the vertical using a plumb bob and protractor.

Identify the correct list of signs of visible damage when carrying out a structural assessment.

Building making noises, cracks, vertical load paths (columns etc.) not aligned, paintwork worn, integrity of building facings / coverings compromised, presence of leaking water / gas etc.

Doors / windows not aligned, cracks, vertical load paths (columns etc.) not aligned, falling / damaged external masonry, integrity of building facings / coverings compromised, presence of leaking water / gas etc.

Doors / windows not aligned, cracks, vertical load paths (columns etc.) not aligned, falling / damaged external masonry, casualties inside the building

Building making noises, cracks, vertical load paths (columns etc.) not aligned, paintwork worn, presence of dust, casualties screaming.

The first level of prioritization of worksites at a widespread USAR incident is based on:

Victim information, building size and expert direction from the USAR Coordination Cell

Victim information, void size and ASR Level required

Resources available, void size and ASR Level required and telephone triage available from INSARAG

Number of confirmed alive victims, number of possibilities of live victims, and if there are only dead victims in the structure

What group of actions are good examples of disaster reconnaissance and impact assessment information sharing during a USAR response?

Gather information quickly, share information with other response teams, take photographs and make sketches/notes, use electronic information sharing tools if available.

Gather information quickly, keep receipts, use the local language in all search markings, share photographs publicly on facebook or WeChat.

Take your time to gather information as its important all the information you supply to UC is >99% accurate

Ensure electronic sharing tools only use a minimum of 32bit encryption using the INSARAG crypo-key as posted on GDACS

What UN operated online system provides for automated notification of disasters or early warning of hazard events that USAR teams and others can subscribe to?

OSOCC

Virtual OSOCC

GDACS

ReliefWeb

According to the INSARAG Guidelines, the below cordon tape configuration indicates:

Operational Work Zone

Hazardous Zone

IEC classified teams only to proceed beyond this point

No vehicles past this point

The INSARAG team typing is categorized into three levels: Light, Medium and Heavy. Each of these team types have capabilities to deal with the structural collapse rescue from light, medium and heavy structures respectively. What team capability level is NOT appropriately matched to the type of building construction method, should that building collapse.

Light Rescue Team – typical single story timber framed building that is collapsed

Medium Rescue Team – typical commercial low-rise buildings constructed of reinforced masonry, reinforced masonry or concrete tilt-up

Heavy Rescue Team – typical complex structures such as high rise buildings and other structures made from reinforced concrete and steel

Advanced Light Rescue Team – bamboo, light timber framed, brick veneer and reinforced concrete and steel structural columns

What would be considered examples of confined space hazards?

Unrestrained fall from height, risk of flammables catching fire, chemical burns.

Oxygen depletion or enrichment, entrapment, engulfment.

sweating, anxiety, convulsions

hypothermia, hyperthermia, decompression sickness, altitude sickness.

Though there are many varying legal definitions of what constitutes a “confined space”, in general terms what best describes a confined space?

Not intended for human occupancy, limited means of entry and egress and/or has risk of engulfment

A trench that is above waist height

Where the atmosphere is oxygen deficient

Where a permit is required before work is undertaken

Following an international disaster requiring USAR assistance, the affected country can request the United Nations to dispatch a team to assist with assessing the extent of the disaster and also assist in coordinating international rescue assistance. What is this team known as?

UNDAC

INSARAG

OCHA

IFRC

What organization provides coordination of global emergency and relief efforts?

OCHA

UNDSS

INSARAG

LEMA

What function does the BOO play during an international USAR response?

It provides a location where rescue teams are based and operations managed from.

It is always attached to the RDC to provide visa and border control processing

It is always attached to the RDC to provide bio-security and quarantine processing

It provides direct support and command over the local EOC

When victims (human or animal) are trapped in mud, the most effective way to help extricate them is to:

Inject air or water around the trapped limbs to minimize suction

Use a minimum of 3:1 mechanical advantage

Use a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher to freeze the mud around the limbs then carefully use a hammer to remove the trapped victim

Use a 1:1 pull using a truck or similar vehicle

Which of the following statement is FALSE, relating to the advantages of integrating animal rescue into USAR operations?

Rescuing animals too can prevent animal owners returning into cleared or unsafe structures to find their animals

Rescuing animals can minimize false flags (noises from animals mistaken as human)

animals are not important to most people in a major disaster and they will obey instructions to stay away from the disaster zone even if their animals are missing inside

Integrating qualified technical animal rescuers into the human search and rescue response can prevent duplication of search efforts

INSARAG stands for?

International Search and Rescue Advisory Group

International Specialist Rescue Around the Globe

Inter Sectoral Rescue Group

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

What factors are mostly likely to contribute to secondary collapse at a USAR incident?

Debris weight gain, after-shocks, ice formation or melting, proximity of traffic or machinery

Radiation, sunlight, moon, hazardous materials

Wind, drone operations, search dog operations, ground penetrating radar

Line and hail search, circle and hail search, rapid aerial search

Using the DHS/FEMA Search Assessment Marking, what is true of the following example?

Rats have been rescued also from the site

11 humans have been removed (either dead or alive)

Total time on site by the PA Task Force was 3 Days

Between 1800 and 2130 people have been affected by the incident

Using the DHS/FEMA structural marking system for urban search and rescue, what is the correct interpretation of this illustration?

The structure is significantly damaged and may require shoring

The structure is sound – safe to enter

The structure is not structurally sound – not safe for entry

The New Mexico Task Force is currently conducting rescue operations inside

Which team completed a rapid search and rescue at this site?

Finland-1

Russia-1

Australia-1

No team has conducted a search to this level

Common hazardous material identification or placarding systems include:

ADR, UN Number, NFPA, HAZCHEM

INSARAG, OCHA, HMIS

Kelmer, AFAC, OCHA

ISO, NFPA, PADI, NASA

In an austere environment of collapse structure response, the management of patients that are suspected of suffering Crush Syndrome, the INSARAG medical guidance note (2019) recommends:

Apply a tourniquet as these are the most effective in such circumstances

Ensure rapid extrication and medical transport is ready immediately after removing the crushing force without unnecessary delay

A suitably qualified physician should always be summoned to perform an amputation

If no pain relief is available, then alcohol should be given to the patient along with ample drinking water.

When applying search markings to structures that have minor to no noticeable damage, rescuers should consider:

Using low damage marking systems such as adhesive or stapled placards

Always use orange spray paint

Apply the marking on the ground instead of the structure

Apply the marking on a loose sheet of wood and place near the structure

What is true of spontaneous volunteers at large scale USAR incident that has overwhelmed local capacity?

They often are responsible for increasing the number of fatalities so they should be moved away

Most survivors are rescued by by-standers and they can help expedite rescue operations if engaged and coordinated properly

They are often too emotional to provide to provide local knowledge in a calm fashion so should be ignored

Spontaneous volunteers should only be given catering assignments

What group of equipment would be considered appropriate PPE for responding to a USAR incident?

Helmet, safety boots, eye protection, gloves

Whistle, drink bottle, spray paint, coveralls

First aid kit, sandals, rain coat, whistle

Laser level, plumb bob, rulers and pencil

INSARAG encourage all emergency responders involved in USAR to have what minimum level of training?

INSARAG First Responder

INSARAG Light Rescue

INSARAG Medium Rescue

INSARAG Heavy Rescue

When working around damaged structures, the safe working distance is generally:

100 metres or 300 feet

One and half (1.5) times the height of the structure

One third (1/3) of the height of the structure

The distance a stone or rock can be thrown

What does the following INSARAG marking mean?

Deceased human remain

Team Delta completed Universal Assessment and Entry to Level 8 on 22 March

Structure cleared

Danger: No Entry as assessed by UAE-1 on 22 March

What does the following INSARAG marking mean?

Cleared

Deceased Remain

Condemned

Check Required

According to INSARAG, what does a RDC stand for?

Reception/Departure Centre

Reception Disaster Centre

Rapid Disaster Coordination

Rescue Disaster Coordination

What does OSOCC stand for?

On-Site Operational Catering Centre

On-Site Operational Command Centre

On-Site Operations Coordination Centre

Overseas Special Operations Coordination Centre

What is the Virtual OSOCC?

A web-based information management system established to update international press and media organisations

An online training platform for OSOCC procedures

A Web based information management tool established as a portal for information exchange between responders and the affected country after disasters

An augmented reality search system developed by UNOCHA to provide real time video and audio feeds for coordinators

What group of hazards can be minimized by respective initial actions at a urban search and rescue incident?

Turning off electricity can minimise the risk of electrocution, Turning off water can minimise debris weight gain and drowning of buried victims

Turning on electricity can ensure victims can access lighting if trapped, Turning off water can minimise debris weight gain and drowning of buried victims

Turning on electricity can increase the sensitivity of electronic search devices, Turning on water can ensure rescue crews have drinking water

Leaving gas turned on ensures pilot lights are not compromised, and turning on electricity can increase the sensitivity of electronic search devices

What type of collapse is illustrated?

Cantilever collapse

Widow maker collapse

Stratified collapse

Pancake collapse

What type of collapse is illustrated?

Lean to (lean to floor)

Pancake

Curtain Wall

Inward/Outward

What type of collapse is illustrated?

V collapse

Pancake

M Collapse

Lateral Timber and Brick

Identify the illustrated structure collapse pattern

"W" collapse

Bi-lateral lean to collapse

"A" frame or Tent collapse

Curtain fall collapse

Identify the illustrated structure collapse pattern

V collapse

Pancake

Lateral Curtain Wall

Lean to floor

What does the acronym REPEAT stand for with regards to USAR Operations?

Reconnaissance and survey, Elimination of hazards and risks, Primary surface search, Exploration of voids and spaces, Access by selected debris removal, Terminate by using heavy plant and machinery

Reconnaissance and survey, Elimination of utilities, Primary surface search, Exploration of voids and spaces, Access by selected debris removal, Terminate by general debris removal

Reconnaissance and wide area search, Elimination of utilities, Primary assessment, Exploration of voids and spaces, Access by selected debris removal, Terminate by general debris removal

Reconnaissance and survey, Explore voids, Penetrate voids, Exploration of voids and spaces, Access by selected debris removal, Terminate by general debris removal

What are the correct INSARAG Assessment, Search and Rescue Levels?

ASR 1=Wide area assessment, ASR 2=Sector assessment, ASR 3= Rapid search and rescue, ASR 4 Full search and rescue, ASR 5=Total search and recovery

ASR 1=Wide area search and rescue, ASR 2=Sector search and rescue, ASR 3= Exploration of voids and spaces, ASR 4 Access by general debris removal, ASR 5=Total search and recovery

ASR 1=Reconnaissance and survey, ASR 2=Sector assessment, ASR 3= Rapid search and rescue, ASR 4 Full search and rescue, ASR 5=Total search and recovery

ASR 1=Reconnaissance and survey, ASR 2=Sector assessment, ASR 3= Rapid void exploration, ASR 4 search dog or electronic search completed, ASR 5=Total search and recovery

According to INSARAG, what are the correct whistle signals used for USAR Operations?

Cease operations/all quiet=1 long blast, Evacuate=3 short blasts, Resume operations=1 long blast and one short blast

Cease operations/all quiet=3 short blasts, Evacuate=1 long blast, Resume operations=1 long blast and one short blast

Cease operations/all quiet=2 short blasts, Evacuate=1 long blast, Resume operations = 4 short blasts

Why are victim marking used?

Victim markings are used to let the press/media know which teams have carried out rescues at which structures

Victim markings are used to let the press know which teams have carried out rescues at which structures

Victim markings let medical teams know information about casualties in order to provide the correct response and resources

Victim marking is used to identify potential or known casualty (Live or Deceased) locations that are not obvious to rescuers, e.g. under debris or entombed

What is the reason behind the INSARAG and FEMA marking system?

Marking systems are essential to let other teams know what work needs to be done

Marking systems are an essential tool used in USAR operations to display and share key information between USAR teams and other agencies

Marking systems are used as a method to let the press/media know which teams have carried out rescues at which structures

Marking systems are a rapid way to denote the building is ready for owners to reoccupy

Most technical rescues can be managed into phases as part of command tactics. What group of sequential phases is most appropriate for technical rescue?

Size-Up, Pre-Rescue, Rescue, Terminate

Size-Up, Access, Stabilize, Assemble

Locate, Access, Rescue, Terminate

Assess, Plan, Debrief, Respond

What best defines a “lock out system”?

Only prevent entry to a hazardous location

Provide positive physical isolation for active or stored sources of energy

Can be removed by anyone

Are the same as Tagout systems

What is the preferred approach path for helicopter passengers where no other direction is given by the pilot or crewman?

A

B

C

D

What statement is FALSE (wrong) in regards to night vision during technical rescue operations?

It can take up to 45 minutes of darkness for eyes to reach optimum night vision,

The use of LED white light does not affect night vision so rescue teams should use filament bulb type lights.

The use of red or blue filters and lights minimize the loss of adapted night vision in the human eye.

Most night vision adaptation within the human eye occurs in the first 5 minutes.

Technical rescue operations conducted at night generally…

Take less time

Are safer

Take more time

Requires stronger gear

Effective command tactics for technical rescue are generally…

based around flexible structure using commonly understood roles and responsibilities

Organised organically depending on the specific circumstances

Only required in larger scale operations

None of the these

The zones (for example: cold, warm, hot) of operation during a technical rescue…

Should be clearly marked with physical barriers

Hot is always the highest risk out of all the zones, regardless of actual temperature.

May vary according to the hazards and the associated risk

Are only for guidance

Incident Command Systems (ICS) typically include the following functional areas:

Transport, food, water, and clothing

Vertical rescue, swiftwater rescue, confined space, and urban search and rescue

Multi-band radio networks, terrestrial and satellite telephone networks, internet LAN/WAN based communications

Operations, planning, logistics, control/command.

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