TRO Tactical Rope Theory

Stealth technologies that assist in the remote anchoring of tactical rope systems include:

Drones (UAV)
Telescopic poles
Pneumatic grappling hook launchers
All of these

During tactical rope operations including suicide intervention at heights, what rope that is available on the market (i.e. certified) offers the greatest level of protection from intentional cutting (i.e. bladed instrument)?

Nylon with internal sheath made from stainless steel
Nylon with external sheath made from aluminium
Nylon with polypropylene sheath
Double braided polyester with integrated hawser laid core

The below is an example of what kind of tactical rope system? For clarity and scale, the rope used is 15m in length and has a diameter of 7.5mm.

SPIE System (Special Patrol Insertion and Extraction System)
Fast Rope (Swarm Rope)
Escape Kit (Evacuation)
Twin Tension System

When rigging for tactical rappelling, for operations or in training, what kind of configuration typically allows an unconscious rappeller to be lowered?

Contingency system
Dynamic belay system
Retrievable system
Hasty system

Rope fibre and construction methods have evolved significantly in the past few decades. For tactical rope operations, what rope features or characteristics are now common?

Aramid fibre construction allow high denier strength, high melting point, and high cut resistance.
Micro rope systems using modern fibres allow for more lightweight and compact systems, but compromise system strength
Sisal ropes now can be dyed in a darker colour and can be certified by many standards such as NFPA, EN and AS.
New rope systems such as those made from UHMWPE, Spectra and Technora are now less expensive than traditional static rescue ropes.

What statement is correct in regards to the use of rescue 8 descender for tactical rope operations?

Advantages: lightweight, low cost, simple to use | Disadvantages: No auto-stop, twists the rope.
Advantages: No auto-stop, twists the rope. | Disadvantages: lightweight, low cost, simple to use.
Advantages: NFPA rated, low cost, no training required to use | Disadvantages: low melting point, twists the rope.
Advantages: Accepts wide range of rope diameters | Disadvantages: Limited to use on 12.5mm/Half inch rope.

Though many tactical descenders do not have all these features, what group of features are most beneficial for tactical rope operations?

One hand operation, quick disconnection from rope, does not twist the rope, matt black or low sheen finish.
Able to descend under own weight (no hands), quick disconnection from rope, ambidextrous, matt black or low sheen finish.
One hand operation, able to operate on ropes up to 12.5mm static, ambidextrous, matt black or low sheen finish.
One hand operation, quick disconnection from rope, does twist the rope, matt black or low sheen finish.

When performing a tactical rappel to make access, rope bags (i.e. leg type as below) are primarily intended to…. finish the sentence

Prevent persons below the rappeller from grabbing onto the rope below and reduce detection of rope deployment
Prevent persons below the rappeller from grabbing onto the rope below which can assist in providing persons below an emergency line to hold onto
Provide weight ballast to the other side of the body to counter the weight of weapon systems
As the bags are always made of ballistic fabric, they are designed to provide protection to the lower legs from enemy fire

Out of these groups of practices, which group contains all unsafe practices.

three-way (tri-axial) loading of carabiners, carrying a rope cutter (knife), pair (buddy) up rescuers.
using wire gate karabiners for all rigging, three-way (tri-axial) loading of carabiners, unfastening helmet chin strap in warm zone.
tethering tools or radios while working at height, establishing fall/exclusion zones below area below working at height, maintaining a logbook for equipment use and maintenance,
Using rope protection at the edge, ensuring signals being used are understood at briefing, carrying a backup lighting source during night operations,

Most technical rescues can be managed into phases as part of command tactics. What group of sequential phases is most appropriate for technical rescue?

Size-Up, Pre-Rescue, Rescue, Terminate
Size-Up, Access, Stabilize, Assemble
Locate, Access, Rescue, Terminate
Assess, Plan, Debrief, Respond

In regards to lock-out/tag-out, sources of stored energy can include? Choose the best answer.

Electrical systems with batteries
Machines with hydraulic components
Pressurised or elevated vessels
All of these

What best defines a “lock out system”?

Only prevent entry to a hazardous location
Provide positive physical isolation for active or stored sources of energy
Can be removed by anyone
Are the same as Tagout systems

What does this sign mean when working around towers?

Confined Space – permit required
Risk of falling – use height safety equipment
Radio Frequency hazard – lockout/tagout
Noise Hazard – wear hearing protection

What statement is the best answer in regards to how do you safely mark carabiners?

Using tape (i.e. electrical insulation tape)
Using nail polish or paint
Using a hand held engraver, to a minimal depth, on non-critical sections
Any of these methods

Inventories and documented inspections of technical equipment are:

In most countries are mandatory (legally required) and must be maintained
Should record every single use for all equipment
A complete waste of time
Recommended to ensure regular, thorough inspections of all equipment

In regard to the lifespan of technical rescue equipment, which is the most appropriate statement:

Should last indefinitely but needs regular inspection
May have manufacturer defined lifespans and should not be used after expiry
Has a maximum lifespan of 10 years, regardless of use
May have defined lifespans but this is just because manufacturers want us to buy more

Technical rescue equipment should be washed…?

Using the methods defined by the manufacturer
With soap and hot water
With ultrasonic cleaning equipment
After every use

An organisation’s Standard Operating Procedures are generally:

To be followed by all team members, at all times
Equivalent to protocols
Rules for governing decision-making in the event of a disagreement
Meant to represent best practices under normal circumstances

An organisation has their own equipment Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) however, they fall out of currency and they permit a specific use which the manufacturer now explicitly prohibits. Which document takes precedence?

The manufacturer’s instructions
The organisations Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
ITRA’s Specific Operating Guidelines (ITRA SOG)
None of these

What environments are generally safe to use two-way radio without special permission when carrying out a rescue?

In and around military installations
Around flammables and explosives
On board an aircraft
In a desert or in the wilderness

A radio repeater often used in rescue operations is…

A person who makes a written record of all radio communication
A device that ensures radio communications can be heard across all frequencies
A remote device that extends the effective range of radios by rebroadcasting transmissions
A device that records and stores radio transmissions

When using portable radios, which of the following is considered a disadvantage at a rescue incident?

Their portability
The Push-To-Talk microphone function (PTT)
Voice Operated microphone function (VOX)
Ability to select multiple channels

What statement is FALSE (wrong) in regards to night vision during technical rescue operations?

It can take up to 45 minutes of darkness for eyes to reach optimum night vision,
The use of LED white light does not affect night vision so rescue teams should use filament bulb type lights.
The use of red or blue filters and lights minimize the loss of adapted night vision in the human eye.
Most night vision adaptation within the human eye occurs in the first 5 minutes.

Technical rescue operations conducted at night generally…

Take less time
Are safer
Take more time
Requires stronger gear

Effective command tactics for technical rescue are generally…

based around flexible structure using commonly understood roles and responsibilities
Organised organically depending on the specific circumstances
Only required in larger scale operations
None of the these

The zones (for example: cold, warm, hot) of operation during a technical rescue…

Should be clearly marked with physical barriers
Hot is always the highest risk out of all the zones, regardless of actual temperature.
May vary according to the hazards and the associated risk
Are only for guidance

Incident Command Systems (ICS) typically include the following functional areas:

Transport, food, water, and clothing
Vertical rescue, swiftwater rescue, confined space, and urban search and rescue
Multi-band radio networks, terrestrial and satellite telephone networks, internet LAN/WAN based communications
Operations, planning, logistics, control/command.

The severity of this fall is commonly described as a Fall Factor ….?

0.5
1
1.5
2

What is the approximate force on anchor ‘A’?

1.41 x load
2 x load
0.5x load
1 x load

What is the Ideal Mechanical Advantage of the following system?

2:1
3:1
4:1
1:1

What is the Ideal Mechanical Advantage of the following system?

2:1
3:1
4:1
1:1

The most important treatment for an incapacitated person suspended in a harness is?

Encourage them to relax
Get them safely to un-suspended position as quickly as possible
Setup a tripod and lower a rescuer to perform a mid-face litter scoop
Encourage them to drink water

A person who has been suspended unconscious in a harness could be suffering from?

Crush syndrome
Hyperthermia
Vertigo
Suspension syndrome

Rope rescue hazards, once identified, are:

Discussed in the team briefing; and Conspicuously marked with visual aids, if possible
Conspicuously marked with visual aids, if possible; and photographed and documented for liability protection
Photographed and documented for liability protection
Discussed in the team briefing; and photographed and documented for liability protection

Which of the following statements is most correct concerning whistle signals for swiftwater or rescue?

Whistle/hand signals are standardised globally and shall be known and used
If whistle/hand signals are to be used, teams shall confirm meanings prior to commencing a task
One whistle blast is the global signal for “all hands off and step back”
One short and two long blasts means evacuate in all situations

The types of connectors shown in the following image are best described as:

1:Oval, 2:Rapid Link, 3:D, 4:HMS (Pear)
1:HMS (Pear), 2:D, 3:Rapid Link, 4:Oval
1:Rapid Link, 2:Oval, 3:HMS(Pear), 4: Oval
1:D, 2:Oval, 3:HMS (Pear), 4:Rapid Link

Which of the following statements is most correct concerning whistle and hand signals for rope rescue?

Whistle/hand signals are standardised globally and shall be known and used
If whistle/hand signals are to be used, teams shall confirm meanings prior to commencing a task or operation
One whistle blast is the global signal for “all hands off and step back”
Whistle/hand signals are the same as those used by industrial crane operators

The construction of ropes normally used for rope rescue is?

Double braid (braided sheath over a braided core)
Hawser laid (classic 3-strand twisted rope)
Hollow braid (a single braid without any core)
Kernmantle (braided sheath over an unbraided core)

A carabiner has a marking on the spine as illustrated. The rated strength of this carabiner is?

2,500lbs major axis, 1,200lbs minor axis, 700lbs long axis with the gate open
25kN lying flat, 12kN suspended vertically, 7kN balanced on spine
25kN major axis, 12kN minor axis, 7kN major axis with the gate open
25kN between wide pins, 12kN between narrow pins, 7kN on the gate

Rope Rescue equipment is normally intended to be used for loads of?

10kN (approx. 1,000kg or 2,200lbs)
1 person (approx. 136kg or 300lbs)
2 people (approx. 272kg or 600lbs)
6-8kN (approx. 600-800kg or 1,350-1,00lbs)

In rope rescue, the term “MBS” is an abbreviation for?

Maximum Breaking Strength
Mean Breaking Strength
Minimum Breaking Strength
Manufacturer’s Breaking Strength

TRO Tactical Rope Theory

TRO Tactical Rope Theory

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